Hart Rudman Commission Report Essay

The U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century, regularly known as the Hart-Rudman Commission after its executives, gave its third and last report in January 2001. The main concern end is that the essential national security challenge that the United States will look in the following 20 or 30 years will be an assault by a foe on the American country which could deliver a large number of losses. To manage this danger, the commission requires a significant rearrangement of the U.S. national security contraption. The changed security condition and the changed danger to American culture propose a basic reexamining of the associations intended to accomplish national security. Stage 1 †New World Coming: American Security in the 21st Century was the main report finished by the Commission (July 1998 †August 1999). This Report is committed to seeing how the world will probably develop throughout the following 25 years. It depicts worldwide patterns in logical, innovative, monetary, socio-political and military security areas and the interaction of these advancements on U.S. national security. Professional: The country has a superior comprehension of the worldwide impacts that influencing America; thusly, it helps better planning the country to handle any up and coming obstructions. Con: With the trend setting innovation improvement, increasingly risky weapons are being created. Stage 2: Seeking a National Strategy: A Concert for Preserving Security and Promoting Freedom (August 1999 †April 2000). This Report contrived a U.S. national security procedure to manage the world in 2025. The reason for the Phase II Report is to characterize an American methodology dependent on U.S. interests and key goals. It builds up a technique for America to tie down the advantages of a progressively incorporated world to grow opportunity, security, and success and to hose the powers of precariousness. Genius: The improvement aided fortifies our security to defend ourâ nation. Con: In request to fix our national security, the overall population fairly needs to scarify levels of protection. Stage 3 †Roadmap for National Security: Imperative for Change (April 2000 †February 2001). This Report suggested noteworthy and extensive institutional and procedural changes all through the Executive and Legislative Branches so as to address the difficulties of 2025. Genius: The making of the Department of Homeland Security denotes a noteworthy advance forward for the United States in tending to the danger presented by psychological warfare inside its outskirts. Con: The proposal of critical rebuilding to re-adjust government workplaces, branches, and systems with the worldwide real factors, we are giving more capacity to the legislature to change the structure of our country; how one can be sure this will prompt positive result. Reference Lathrop, C., and Eaglen, M. M. The Institute of Land Warfare, (2001). The commission on national security/21st century: A hart-rudman commission preliminary (NSW 01-2)

TNT Companys Marketing Management and Strategy

Promoting procedure TNT, which is a worldwide market pioneer in giving business-to-business expedited service benefits through air or street, serves in excess of 200 nations all around (The time 100, (a) 2011). To satisfy the company’s crucial, should showcase the board and procedure where promoting methodology is all around arranged and oversaw. This proposition along these lines looks to show how promoting administration and technique of the organization will be done whenever affirmed (Baker, 2008, p. 3-27).Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on TNT Company’s Marketing Management and Strategy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are distinctive showcasing strategies that the organization need to apply for all intents and purposes, and deal with the promoting assets and exercises. Since the organization works comprehensively, the procedures should concentrate on worldwide showcasing. It is significant that the organization compr ehends its destinations concerning the business it is managing and the market where the organization works (Miles 2003, p. 302). For TNT express to utilize its assets on the accessible chances to improve and expand administration conveyance, and become serious in the market, it needs to have a procedure that will assist it with understanding the target. This showcasing technique will fulfill the necessities in the market, and cause the organization to convey more administrations to different clients in the various nations (The time 100 (a) 2011). Through the company’s strategic shows the reason for the organization, guideline points the organization needs to meet are very much laid out to unmistakably show the exercises of the organization, and the future position where the organization needs and wishes to be (The time 100 (b) 2011). Dynamite express organization has a strategic exchange merchandise and ventures to clients, and surpass the customers’ desires comprehens ively, give entirely dependable and effective answers for its clients, and give them esteem through conveyance systems, to impart pride in its kin in this manner standing out, esteeming its partners, and sharing jobs all around. The goals of going into advertising are to enable the association to accomplish the points of moving merchandise and records productively to all nations served by the organization, fulfilling the clients by offering them the best conveyance benefits and carrying on in a dependable way. Everybody ought to comprehend the tasks of the business in showcasing itself through the set destinations to realize what they ought to do, how and when. The target of showcasing system created by the organization is to increment and improve its administration conveyances (The time 100 (a) 2011).Advertising Looking for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Though this is the general ex treme destinations, there are different targets that will help in accomplishing the particular goal. The organization will speed up conveyance of merchandise and archives to its customers in this manner setting up an exceptionally unmistakable situation in the market against its rivals. This is the sort of administration that the organization will ensure it gives to its customers to accomplish the particular goal of expanding administration conveyances. Another target that will enable the organization to expand its administration conveyances, is to give the most solid and client centered administrations, which will bring about an upper hand for the TNT Company (Hunt Robert 1995, p. 1-15). Inside, the organization has qualities of having extraordinary staff that can help in accomplishing the goal of advertising its administrations while remotely, the organization is known to be the main expedited administration conveyance. The organization can in this way utilize its accessible asset s to accomplish its objective. The accomplishment of the procedure is along these lines pushed by the situation of the business both in the inward and outside conditions. To start with, the organization needs to tell the two its new and old customers about the sort of business the organization works in, and the administrations it offers through various showcasing instruments. The following thing required by the organization is to build up its new customers that appear to be potential. In conclusion, the organization will utilize the utilization of interactive media to advance its tasks. Little postcards will be planned that has the logo of the organization, and present the administrations done by the organization. The cards will contain contact data. The cards will be sent to both old and right now existing clients to advise them that the organization is worried about them. To build up the new achieved customers, they will be recounted the numerous advantages of confiding in TNT as a vehicle specialist organization of decision, and procure data on the sentiments of the customers about the administrations offered by the organization. Contingent upon the spending plan, the organization will utilize various media to advance itself. The organization will likewise create pamphlets about the organization, and take them to organizations the organization feels will be potential customers. Advertising blend The showcasing blend incorporates the value, item, dispersion and advancement, and every one of these should be very much mixed by the organization to think of a promoting methodology that will fulfill the interest in the market. The part of item, valuing, advancement, spot, individuals, and procedure will be centered around in making mindfulness about what the organization is offering its customers, and making faithfulness from the clients (Hill David 1996, p. 429-51).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on TNT Company’s Marketing Management and S trategy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More TNT is a help conveyance organization, and will improve its administrations through advertising to ensure the organization arrives at additional to a few customers in various nations, and as of now existing and new clients are held in the organization. The administrations will be offered quicker to fulfill the clients, and proficiently serve the need of each partner in the organization. Having done this, the administrations offered by TNT express will be not quite the same as those offered by its rivals accordingly setting it in an unexpected way. Because of the improvement of the administrations, they will without a doubt fulfill the customers’ needs. The organization will likewise lessen its costs charged to the customer for conveyance of their products and archives so they are additionally ready to utilize TNT in light of its moderateness. This will give the organization an upper hand contrasted with other cont ender organizations (Gilbert Paul 1989, p. 82-93). To advance the organization, the advertisers will utilize various interchanges, for example, deals advancement and notice. In the event that the spending plan permits the advertisers will utilize radios and online worlds to publicize what their identity is, their main thing, and what they expect to do. The organization will likewise utilize open occasions, for example, public exhibitions to talk and advise about the administrations they offer internationally. Through the certified staff and fulfilled clients, they will pass an informal exchange to others for them to utilize TNT as the organization of decision at whatever point they require conveyance administrations (Don, Stanley Robert, 1993, p. 213). To make the administrations open to clients all the more effectively, the organization will give cards to its potential customers educating them regarding the spots they are found so that whenever they require TNT’s administrat ions the clients will effortlessly go after them. Through the web likewise, the organization will make it simple for the clients to get to its administrations effectively, discover the administrations the organization offers, and all the data that relates the administrations by TNT express. Since TNT is an assistance conveyance organization, it should improve its material prompts for the purchasers to slant more on it as a method of truly proof. In the handouts, the clients need, what the organization offers plainly with its strategic qualities will be very much shown. The regalia for instance that the workers put on as they convey the products and records should feature a portion of the things that will cause the clients to feel they are utilizing the correct conveyance organization on the planet (The time 100 (b) 2011).This calls for viable connection between the drivers who convey the merchandise and reports, and individuals they meet in the customer organizations. Greater improv ement will likewise be done in the way calls are made to ensure that more guarantees are given to the guest (The time 100 (b) 2011).Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More To accomplish more help conveyances comprehensively, TNT will coordinate telemarketing and web showcasing to have the advertising blend very much controlled. Thusly the clients will encounter what the organization is advertising. Clients will be welcomed well, and their solicitations allowed as needs be. Administration conveyance will be haggled in an expert inviting way, and merchandise and archives conveyed as required. At the point when the organization does this, it will have accomplished an all around centered advertising process (Grant 1991, p. 114-135). Spending Sales/income forecast(s) Budget is significant in anticipating for the interest in the business. The TNT Company has put resources into different assets, for example, the staff, the vehicles, planes and different correspondence stations the organization will utilize in showcasing its administrations, for example, TV and web (The time 100 (a) 2011). Planning is significant for the organization to get ready for staffing and its tasks. At the point when the system above is all around executed, it is then appropriate to accompany a deals or income figure for the initial three months of usage. January February March Service line 20 million 30 million 50million Average $ cost 110 100 90 Revenues 2,200 million 3000 million 4,500 million From the contextual investigation, the organization is said to have been conveying more than 3.5 million things in seven days (The time 100 (b) 2011). So in the wake of utilizing the methodology to boost conveyances and increment them, the

Red Sorghum Directed by the Zhang Yimou Movie Review

Red Sorghum Directed by the Zhang Yimou Movie Review Red Sorghum Directed by the Zhang Yimou â€" Movie Review Example > The paper “ Red Sorghum Directed by the Zhang Yimou”   is a dramatic variant of a movie review on film studies. Red sorghum is a movie that was directed by the Zhang Yimou and it addresses the social, political and economic history of the Chinese People. The red sorghum was set in the early 1920s and 1930s in a Shandong province which is the northern region of China. The movie is a storyline narrated through an omniscient narrator by a grandson of the main character and grandmother Jiu’ er (Gong Li) or only Nine. The movie starts when Jiu’ er is being prepared to be taken to her new husband who is an old winemaker. The winemaker who is also infected with leprosy has given Jiu’ ler’ s father a new mule in exchange for the bride. Jiu’ er has no option rather than accepting the offer and she feels neglected because she is getting married off to the old man. Li Datou is the owner of the wine press and he is a capitalist who does not share what he gets with the workers e qually. The movie depicts him as a representative of capitalists since his ideologies and principles match the capitalist regime (Yimou). Among the men who were hired to carry Jiu’ er was Yu Jiang Wen who later turns out to be the grandfather of the narrator. He leads the rest of the muscular and shirtless men in a song that only scares and irritates Jiu’ er since she is not willing to marry the old man, and worst of all a man with leprosy. Jiu’ ler sobs and feigns sickness and this forces them to stop and that is when the bandits came in and waylaid them. They try to rob Jiu’ er and rape her, but the young men accompanied by Yu overpower them. After Jiu’ er arrives at the winery and lives for some time Yu comes in the winery wearing the bandit mask and she abducts her when she was coming from her parent’ s home. The scene is characterized by intimations of rape though Jiu’ er does not show any signs of resistance or unwillingness. They proceed to engage in sexual intercourse and that marked the point of conception of the narrator’ s father (Yimou). In as much Jiu’ er was forced into marriage and severally carried by men as a potato sack, she is not just a simple victim and she is a headstrong character who confronts issues. At one point, she is portrayed as headstrong when she condemned his father after learning that he had sold her to the old for just a new mule. Later, Li Datong â€" the wine press owner is murdered under mysterious circumstances and Jiu’ er manages to take over the winepress. Contrary to the dictatorial leadership of Li Datong, Jiu’ er learns it collectively with other workers as equal partners and businesses go well. The leadership of Jiu’ er puts the Red Sorghum solidly under the good footing of the communist ideology having overthrown the evil capitalism castigated by Li Datong. After some time, Yu drunkenly returns to Jiu’ er and proclaims himself as the new husband though at first, she throws him out. Later he claims his prize after he urinates at the wine vats the fact that improves the flav or of the wine. Through the performance, he wins the favor from Jiu’ er and they develop a very intimate relationship (Hui 44).

What Was The Cause Of The American Revolution - 1705 Words

1: What was the cause of the American revolution? 2: The cause of the American Revolution was Britain’s selfish action that made the American colonies suffer from Britain s problem. 3: The Americans were not being sensible and unwilling to compromise for the greater good. 1: Britain, what do you mean by compromise? 3: After the French-Indian war, we were in need of money because our funds were spent helping the Indians. Because of the grave debt that we were in, we decided that we would tax the colonies in order for us to regain some of our economic prowess. 2: Speaking on behalf of America, we did not understand or agree with the idea of the Sugar Act. It was just another way of Britain forcing their will onto the colonies. There was no need to tax us for Sugar, there are many other ways to gain money. 1: The Sugar Act, Britain, could you please explain the thought process behind that law. 3: The Sugar act was strictly a law we came up with to get money, there was no reason to try to impose or intimidate the colonies. The act was used to decrease smuggling in New England. We cut the taxes by 50% but because it was still considered a â€Å"tax† the people did not accept it because the colonies did not to be taxed at all. We wanted to stop smuggling into other countries, but the American colonies could not see how they could help us. 2: We noticed that we were Americans, and the British could no longer control us and hold us down. Ever since we started the colonies, we haveShow MoreRelatedWhat Was the Main Cause of the American Revolution?2125 Words   |  9 PagesWhat was the main cause of the American Revolution? The American Revolution was caused by the unique nature of the American Colonists and their society in contrast to their relationship with the English Government and peoples. Life in America was not a life of leisure. American colonists had worked hard to cultivate their lands and develop their towns and cities. Rural life in the American colonies consisted not only of farmers but tradesmen also prospered. (Handlin. 24) By 1763, the AmericanRead MoreEssay about The American Revolution: An Economic Movement706 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolution modeled the path taken by a social and economic movement in many more aspects than that of a political and intellectual movement. Even though political reasons existed for the cause the Revolution, the revolution should be considered an economic movement based on the idea of â€Å"no taxation without representation.† The colonists believed that the British rule in the colonies was extremely unfair, but these intellectu al causes are greatly outnumbered by economic causes such asRead MoreWhat Factors During The Colonial Period Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesESSAY QUESTION: What factors during the colonial period led to American colonists declaring independence from the British Empire? Be sure to discuss the economic, political, and cultural aspects of the American Revolution. PROVISIONAL HYPOTHESIS: The structure of America revolution to address a various issue, which has great impact on America It, was the procedure where the thirteen colonies of North America became independent of Great Britain also then formed a new integrated government. The majorRead MoreCauses Of The American Revolution1202 Words   |  5 Pageshistory many revolutions took place, ranging from the unremarkable to a truly memorable, as the French revolution, the American Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution, but American revolution took place in 1775-1783. The revolution was different from other revolution because of growing tensions between residents of Great Britain’s 13 North American colonies and the colonial government because American revolution was not like the others. This revolution was not like the others because it was unique.Read MoreThe American Renissance1169 Words   |  5 Pageslifestyle. Revolution is a fundamental change in society brought by people getting together for a com mon cause. Many revolutions had taken place in human history, led by different causes, situations and people. Some examples are like political revolution, socio-economic revolution industrial or commercial revolution, philosophical revolution, Cultural Revolution etc. Those revolutions vary in methods, motives, duration and its effects on society. Sometimes the intentions behind the revolution or movementRead MoreDifferences Between the French and American Revolutions1362 Words   |  6 PagesDifferences in the American and French Revolutions Sometimes a revolution can take place within a country against its own current state of government, other times a revolution can take place externally to rid a country of another countrys influence. There are many components that are involved in a revolution taking place. One must consider the causes or reasons of the situation, the events that occur during the revolution and the effects or aftermath that had been created by that revolution. 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Over time there have been several different historical interpretations about the causes of the American Revolution. Many of these interpretations lack evidence or provide a very one sided claim. The best explanation for the causes of the American Revolution out of the 5 passages provided is â€Å"A Democratic Movement† writt enRead MoreEssay on Causes of the American Revolution548 Words   |  3 PagesThe American Revolution was a dramatic change in the political, social, and economic system of New England. It was not a bloody revolution; on the contrary it is unique because it was not as violence as other revolutions we know (French, Russia and China). The American Revolution had many causes. Long-term social, economic, and political changes in the colonies before 1750 provided the basis for an independent nation with representative political institutions. More immediately, the French andRead MoreThe Revolutionary War : Wim Klooster s Book Revolutions1114 Words   |  5 PagesKlooster’s book Revolutions in the Atlantic World expresses the deep roots of the revolutionary war period throughout various locations and circumstances. He strives to express the causes, effects, and the political civil war which caused the great uproar in the once colonial lands. This shift in history is noted in Klooster’s book and expanded upon in his chapter entitled â€Å"The Revolution’s Compared.† He notes the various commonalities between the American, French, Haitian, and Spanish American revolutions

Economic Inequality And Its Effects On Economic Growth

â€Å"The rich get richer, and the poor get poorer† is an aphorism elicited from the topic of economic inequality. Over the past decades, economic inequality has been rising and at an increasing rate, expanding the gap between the rich and the poor. The direct relationship between inequality and poverty has shown that while inequality increases, so too does poverty. Increased inequality is harmful for economic growth and its effects also bear social implications. Although there are arguments on the consequences of wealth redistribution and its unintended impact on economic growth, wealth should be redistributed to reduce inequality and poverty, sequentially leading to more economic development and a higher standard of living for society. Economic inequality occurs in two forms: income inequality and wealth inequality. There remains a dispute between whether income inequality or wealth inequality should be the focus to reducing economic inequality. Considerable attention has been given to income disparities, however, it is important to realize that simply addressing income inequality will not adequately address the gross disparity between the poor and the ultra rich. For example, Bill Gates is estimated to earn around $7 billion per year (estimates vary wildly depending on how his income is calculated). However, even if this income was taxed at 100%, Gates would still have in excess of $70 billion in accumulated wealth. Gates could continue spending a million dollars per day,Show MoreRelatedThe Effect of Income Inequality on Economic Growth1341 Words   |  5 Pagessomebody wonders why did I choose the subject of inequality the previous lines are exactly the reason. The hypothesis I will try to prove further in my p aper is that the striking gap between rich and poor population in the world cannot lead to economic growth. Furthermore, Human Capital is considered to be the main force that stimulates economic growth. But now that human capital is scarcer that machines, widespread education has become the secret to growth. However, education is hardly accessible toRead More1. Does Gender Equality Contribute to Economic Growth? There is a long established tradition of800 Words   |  4 Pages1. Does Gender Equality Contribute to Economic Growth? There is a long established tradition of estimating growth models within the economics discipline. Early models took labor as a ‘given’ factor of production, exogenously determined by rates of population growth. There was very little coverage for exploring the human, leave alone the gender, dimensions of growth in these models (Walters, 1995). This changed with the rise of endogenous growth theory and the bigger reputation given to the accumulationRead MoreThe Context Of Growing Economic Interdependence1672 Words   |  7 Pageswill endeavour to explore the context of growing economic interdependence (globalisation); inequality is both growing within and between nations. In turn, analysing the following the following statement that â€Å"Inequality can undermine economic, social and perhaps even political stability. It can tear the very fabric that holds society together. We now have firm evidence that a severely skewed income distribution harms the pace and sustainabi lity of growth over the longer term. The growing gap betweenRead MoreBenefits Of Income And Assets Inequality Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Income and assets inequality is a significate issue in economy. Throughout human history capital and assets will likely continue to accumulate and become more concentrated, as a result that an greater level of inequality might be witness. Piketty ( 2014 ) found that the rate of GDP growth is lower than return on capital. This Piketty s famous rg inequality shows that assets tend to accumulate faster than the rate of economic growth in capitalist societies which means capital distributionRead MoreInequality Of Economic Growth And Inequality1699 Words   |  7 PagesEconomic growth and inequality has been a long debated topic but is more important in the recent decades as income inequality has dramatically grown within many countries; the implications on these can hinder social and political development. Economic growth and its link to Equality can help create stability for an economy and improve living standards in the long run. More directly it allows people to be able to contribute and engage in the economy as it provides the opportunity for employment, investmentRead MoreLiterature Review Of Literature On Economic Inequality1470 Words   |  6 Pagesabout Economic inequality and how it affects various aspects of quality of life. The literature is diverse with recent works such as Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett’s The Spirit Level, which suggests that economic inequality has a detrimental effect on several factors such as increased crime, increased obesity, and worse mental health within a country. Simon Kuznets, an influential America economist set an economic paradigm which established that that economic growth and increased inequality wasRead MorePublic Land Policy, And The Wilderness Act Of 1964845 Words   |  4 Pagesplanners, and policy makers. The root of the debates is a question of which types of public lands management can provide better economic benefits to adjacent regions that are referred to gateway communities. For a long time, res ource extractive industries – such as mineral, oil, coal, and timber development sectors - have been a primary growth engine for the economic growth in those communities. However, since the past three decades, several federal land use policies such as the Multiple-Use Sustained-YieldRead MoreEconomic Growth And Inequality Of Opportunity1672 Words   |  7 PagesIDPM60711: Economic Development Theoretical link between economic growth and inequality of opportunity ‘The case of the Arab Spring’ Word count: 1654 Introduction Global discourse around the issue of growing inequality and specifically inequality of opportunity has come to the fore in recent years driven by violent public action witnessed in the spring of 2011. A little southern town in Tunisia known as Sidi Bouzoid in December 2010 took global centre stage in the push for economic emancipationRead MoreTrade and Income Inequality693 Words   |  3 Pagesplace, living conditions and economic growth must be the ultimate goal. Trade and economic growth that does not establish a reduction in poverty can generate problems that did not exist before. If rapid growth is accomplished at the expense of misdistribution of resources, then it will create social tensions or class warfare. Rapid growth has been shown in different countries that raises gap of income inequality and raise the poverty rate. In India, the slow economic growth has been steady for a periodRead MoreThe Problem Of Income Inequality1159 Words   |  5 PagesIncome inequality is incr easingly becoming a significant concern for many countries around the world. The income difference between the highly-educated, skilled, wealthy class and the poor, low to mid-skilled workers is growing larger and larger. In fact, the incomes of the rich are increasing significantly, while the low skilled workers’ incomes have been declining (The Economist, â€Å"Wealth Without Workers†). According to The Economist, real median wages have been decreasing since 2000 in half of

The Rain Came Free Essays

The Rain Came Oganda could see the lake in the distance. She swallows her fear and walks towards it, like a cow led to slaughter. Singing quietly under her breath Oganda ignores the prickling of her skin as she makes her way through the sacred land. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rain Came or any similar topic only for you Order Now When at last she reaches the lake Oganda breathes a small sigh of relief, she is so thirsty, and her journey would be over soon. Just as she’s about to step a foot in the stretching expanse of the water a voice shouts from behind her. Startled Oganda staggers back, searching the treeline for who had called out. Who’s there? † She shouts. There is a pause and all Oganda can hear is the whistling of the wind through the brush and her own pounding heartbeat. At last the child from the village emerges from the trees, head held high as she strides towards her. â€Å"The Ancestors have given me a sign. † The child says. Oganda looks down at the small girl before her, â€Å"Am I to be sacrificed? † The girls eyes are midnight sky black, unreadable in the fading light. â€Å"No. † Turning towards the water the child smiles, â€Å"I am to be with my sister. † Holding out her hand Oganda wordlessly hands her the earring, fingers brushing against her rough palm. The child doesn’t hesitate, stepping into the water without a backwards glance. She wades in until her head disappears under the waves, and then Oganda can watch no longer. She runs back towards the village with all her strength, ignoring the branches and vines whipping her as she goes. As the sun sets above her head Oganda falls to her knees. Looking up at the sky Oganda closes her eyes, and the first raindrop falls with the tears on her cheeks. How to cite The Rain Came, Essay examples

Company Secretary Activities Enhancing Corporate Governance â€Solution

Question: How CS as Gatekeeper enhancing Corporate Governance Standards in global organizations? Answer: Part 1: Introduction 1.1 Reason for Topic Selection The topic about How Company Secretary acts as a Gatekeeper enhancing Corporate Governance Standards in global organizations has been selected as it is evident that corporate governance practice is a complex issue which is not possible for everyone to have a control over such issue. It is known that Company Secretary, external auditors and internal auditors of the corporate governance are considered as traditional gatekeepers within the ecological unit of the corporate governance. The main role of Company Secretary is distinct from auditors in context to the corporate governance. It is understood that, today companies are involved in many serious activities which make impossible for them to look after all the operation whether relating to operation management or financial management (Abbas, 2011). Therefore, companies face lot of trouble in their affairs and finds difficulty in making conformity of their activities with the standards and procedures. Thus, the company seeks a gatekeepe r that can provide them effective service in verifying and certifying the trust worthiness of organisations affairs. Moreover, they help in monitoring any flaws and also play effective role in detecting errors in governance standards and governance procedures. Apart from that, the company secretary or corporate secretary also effectively involved in board meetings, agenda setting and works with committees and liaise among the non executive directors and Chair directors with the management. On the other hand, the global scenario is changing at rapid pace which is making tough for the business houses to take strong decision relating to financial matters or assessing the internal controls. The act of Company Secretary as gatekeeper can play handsome role in improving the standard of corporate governance which can help the company in decreasing the burden relating to regulatory discipline on industries along with regulators. Therefore, Company Secretary as gatekeepers can ensure quality governance. According to the report published by the KPMG Fraud Survey Report in 2009, it reflects the majority of the respondents mentioned that internal controls are the common tool in detecting fraud. Therefore, fraud in the company is a serious issue which can be control by the gatekeepers (Apostolides, 2010). The Company Secretary as gatekeepers can provide important measures that can help in controlling fraud. The Company Secretary can provide assistance to the directors of company in formulating regulations and adhering to the corporate governance standards. The Company Secretary helps the directors of the company in approving the financial statements, assessing the internal controls of the company, interpreting laws, provides advice on the quality and reliability of the disclosures and compliance state and also helps in corporate finance expertise (Armour, 2012). 1.2 Academic Objectives of project The major purpose of the study is to figure out the effectiveness of company secretary as gatekeepers in enhancing the corporate governance standards in global organisations. The role of company secretary as gatekeeper will be assed in order to know their contribution in the standards of corporate governance. Therefore, to develop coherent illustration, the objective has been outlined so that study can be carried in one path. To understand the role of Company Secretary as a gatekeeper To examine the need of Company Secretary as gatekeeper in global organisations To understand the relationship between gatekeepers and company secretary To analyse the Company Secretary role in ensuring sound governance standards 1.3: Outline of Sections Part 1: Introduction- The particular section will be focusing on the nature of the study and the reason behind selection of the carried topic will be discussed. The background will provide details why the particular topic has been adopted and the rationale behind it. On the other hand, the objective of the study will be outlined so that a clear understanding can be gained what exactly need to be concentrated upon. Part 2: Scene Setting- This section will be highlighting the background of the company secretary. The secondary data will be concentrated to explain this specific part so that clear image can be received. Moreover, a brief outline will be mentioned that will help in explaining the effectiveness of Company Secretary as gatekeepers. Part 3: Literature Review: The current section will be accounting on the major theories and concept relating to the company secretary, gatekeepers and corporate governance. Further, there specific role will be discussed. Therefore, this chapter is the main part of the study which will explain the important concepts to understand the main points of the study. Part 4: Summary and Conclusion- This will be the last part of the proposed study which will summarize the analysis and evidence provided in the above mentioned sections. It will let us know whether the purpose of the study was fulfilled or not. Moreover, a further scope of research will be mentioned so that similar project can be handled well in future. Part 2: Setting the Scene 2.1 Background of Company Secretary and Gatekeepers According to Bainbridge (2012), the company secretary is engaged with high responsibilities that range from the conventional role of arranging the meetings for directors, liaising with the executive directors with the management of company, developing the agenda, and working together with the committees, etc. The business landscape is transforming at rapid pace which force the company to involve the company secretary in the business decision procedure On the other hand, the growth in the expectations of the governance has changed the role of company secretary and they are not restricted to only external consultant. Therefore, the company secretary acts as a navigator to the company to develop regulation that can bring success to the institutions. Moreover, Balaji (2012) discussed that Company Secretary helps the board members of the company to remain informed about the trends and development in governance by briefing materials. Therefore, it helps in formulating effective policies an d ensures that company operates within the best business practice boundary. Apart from that, Basthomi (2012) corporate secretary assists in developing innovative policies for corporate governance so that the objectives of the company can be achieved. Therefore, the demand of company secretary has increased over the years. It is evident that there has been significant rise in the employment of people as Company Secretary in Australia. For instance, New South Wales has 39.3% of Company Secretary; in Victory 23.6% is Company Secretary whereas in Queensland there is 18.3% of Company Secretary. On the contrary, Beller, Keller and Mahoney (2012) mentioned that the gatekeepers are considered to the people working as company secretary, external auditors, internal auditors, credit rating agencies, etc. Therefore gatekeepers help in making balance in the corporate governance and act as an intermediary. Moreover, they are engaged in providing valuable service to the investors. For instance, the credit worthiness of the company can be evaluated by the credit rating agencies and business prospects can be assessed by securities analysts. The Company Secretary of the company checks the tendency of the management to concentrate on the short term income and as well as the cost of long term value of shareholder (Berthelot, Morris and Morrill, 2010). It is known that auditors are mostly engaged in working for issuers and report the details of work to the management, therefore, the investors consider gatekeepers to help them out in assessing the financial statements of the company. Apart from that, gatekeepers can help in decreasing the number of frauds relating to the corporate governance. It is evident from the published report that regulatory compliance malfunctions such as insider trading profitability and Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Release (AAER) frauds has drop down to a minimum level. Therefore, it can be understood that gatekeepers can help in monitoring the fraud and reporting it to the management so that firm regulation can be established to secure the company (Beuve and Saussier, 2011). On the other hand, the role of company secretary is to help in providing corporate advisory work to the organisations. Therefore, it assists in enhancing standard of corporate governance and helps in forming rules and regulations so that effective decision can be enforced in context to the corporate affairs. Company Secretary as a gatekeeper can help in developing feasible process for the corporate governance that can help in setting objective and goals (Corvo and Symons, 2012). Moreover, the actions, corporation decision and policies can be monitored that can help in detecting errors which may be beneficial for the company to match up with the global institutions. Apart from that, it is known that corporate governance relates with the processes, mechanisms and associations via which the organisations are navigated (Coyne, 2010). Therefore, Company Secretary as gatekeepers can help in facilitating and promoting complete and open communication associations among the corporations and c an also ensure right flow of information among board of directors, management, outside advisors and committees of the company. Further, Davis (2012) discussed that Company Secretary as gatekeepers can navigate and support the processes of governance by comprising orientation of fragmentary board education, new directors, formulating, implementing parameters and criteria in enhancing the performance of board members of the institutions. 2.2 Company Secretary acts as the gatekeeper role in enhancing corporate governance The role of company secretary has significantly changed over the time and moreover due to growing criticality in accounting effective corporate governance has made the company secretary. The Companies Act 2014 has depicted that there is high requirement for a company secretary in both the public firms and private firms. Therefore, the responsibilities of the company secretary in the modern day has taken a leap from being only restricted to a note taker at the meetings of board members or acting as an administrative employee of Board to a much broader role of Board Advisor and significantly takes up the responsibility for the corporate governance of the organisations (David, 2014). Therefore, the role of company secretary is to provide large service to the organisations and helps in setting corporate governance standards. It is evident that today board of the company seek advice from the company secretary not only advice only on the matter relating to statutory duties of the directors under the rules and laws, listing requirements of rule and disclosure obligations but also helps in providing advice regarding corporate governance practices and requirements and also in developing effective processes for board in conducting activities (Hawkes, 2011). Horn (2011) mentioned that the role of company secretary is not restricted to basic statutory obligations but moved away in helping organisations in various other matters. The company secretary has effectively taken the responsibility in formulating and executing the processes so that good corporate governance can be promoted and sustained in context to global organisations. The particular role is recognising the code of corporate governance of UK and also falls into Financial Reporting Council (FRC) guidance relating to board effectiveness. Apart from that, Jalilvand and Malliaris (2012) pointed that Company Secretary have considerably changed which made the directors to realise people that possess technical knowledge and specialist skills. Further, the interest of the shareholders of the organisations can be balanced by enhancing corporate governance. Moreover, it is known that corporate governance is considered as a system which comprises rules, regulations, processes and practice s that assists the company in moving towards right direction and have better control over the activities (Jamali, Hallal and Abdallah, 2010). The company secretary can be allowed to provide their support in forming effective corporate governance plan that can help in gaining higher benefit from both international and national market. Furthermore, acting as gatekeepers can prevent company from any fraud activity and can monitor the progress of processes implemented (Kirkbride and Letza, 2005). Thus, the Company Secretary as gatekeeper can help in building link between investors and issuing company and contribute largely in financial market. As a result, strong association can be established among Company Secretary and Company Secretary can provide financial advice and also direct in development of effective corporate governance (Kogut, 2012). Part 3: Literature Review 3.1 Gatekeeper The author Reinier Kraakman focuses on the theory of classical gate-keeping which highlights that strategy of gate-keeping needs gatekeepers that can help in prevent and averting misconduct reliably in spite of preferences of the wrong doers (Al Najjar, 2010). Moreover, he mentioned that a successful gatekeeper must not be agreeable but also able to avoid misconduct. Therefore, gatekeepers must not be ready to interdict delinquency but also to monitor to identify any happenings in the prime point. Thus, it can be determined that gatekeepers role can be identified on the keenness to monitor and interdict and their capacity relating to interdict and monitor (Bonechi, 2012). Therefore, Kraakman pointed gatekeeper as an effective actor that can control and monitor any detected wrong things. The author designed a framework which describes the effectiveness of traditional gatekeepers comprising accountants, securities analysts, investment bankers, etc. Apart from that, the author John C. Coffee who is a professor of Corporate Law propounded the reason behind the development of gatekeepers and the level of failure has been focused by the author. Moreover, he also mentioned about the reforms that may be feasible (Chen et al., 2010). Apart from that, the author examined the changes in the institutional and pressures that lead gatekeepers to neglect their responsibilities and to underperform. Therefore, he tried to focus on the effective changes that can reinstate gatekeepers as the faithful agents of the numbers of investors. On the other hand, John Coffee points that probably all the boards of directors abide to the advice given by the gatekeepers. Moreover, he mentioned that gatekeeper failure has played an effective role in aiding failure of the corporate and collapse of the corporate (Chizema and Shinozawa, 2011). 3.2 Company Secretary According to, Clarke and Branson (2012) a company secretary is a person that positioned usually in the public sector entity and private sector entity. The Company Secretary is also called as corporate strategy as per the public listed organisations of Canada and America. The company secretary is normally involved in efficient administration of firms and ensures compliance in regarding to regulatory requirements and statutory. Therefore, the Company Secretary makes sure that decisions made by the companys board of directors are enforced effectively. On the other hand, Cormier et al. (2010) mentioned that company secretary takes hold that the company abide by the relevant regulation and legislation and also make the members of the board aware about the legal responsibilities so that they can perform their duties with high dignity. Moreover, they provide advice relating to the conduct of business and the advice can be of nature something like accounting advice and can also provide advic e on the strategy formulation and helping in corporate planning. For instance, in public organisations in North America, the company secretary provides suggestion on the issues relating to corporate governance. Apart from that, (Elizabeth Abraham, 2012) pointed that company secretary is also involved in encouraging the members of the boards to conduct review of corporate governance on frequent basis. Therefore, it is evident that many large business houses entails that company secretary has to be well trained and professionally qualified to handle the different matters of the company. Figure 1: Role of Company Secretary 3.3 Corporate Governance Erismann-Peyer, Steger and Salzmann (2008) explained corporate governance as a set that comprises system, principles and processes which make sure that the organisations are governed and carried in the best interest in context to companys stakeholders. It is the structure that helps in directing and controlling the company. Therefore, corporate governance is all about promoting accountability, transparency and fairness of the corporate. Furthermore, the De Kluyver (2013) depicted that corporate governance ensures and adequate disclosures and provide effective decision making bridge that can help in attaining objective of corporate. It also provides transparency in regards to business transactions and ensures compliances relating to statutory and legal obligations. On the contrary, Dennehy (2012) discussed that corporate governance aims to ensure that board of company is highly committed in managing the different aspects of the company and that too in a transparent way in order to inc rease the long term value. Therefore, it can benefit to both shareholders and to the company as well. The corporate governance integrates both social participants and economic participants in the process. Moreover, the corporate governance helps in enhancing the corporate accountability and performance that helps in maintaining balance in the organisational activities (Elizabeth Abraham, 2012). 3.4 Role of Company Secretary under Hong Kong Rules The company secretary role is highly valued in companies as it provides valuable advice to the boards on crucial matters that helps in gaining large benefit from their processes. In recent times, major changes have been acknowledged that have widely taken place in the financial market globally (Erismann-Peyer, Steger and Salzmann, 2008). Therefore, changes have been too noticed in Hong Kong which is one of the biggest stock market in world on the basis of market capitalisation of shares. Hong Kong Stock Exchange has revised their Listing Rules and Corporate Governance Code in 2012 which emphasizes that the Company Secretary is required to provide large support to the board of organisations by ensuring right and effective flow of information within the board (Cheung et al., 2011). The professional development and induction of directors are facilitated by the company secretary as per the rules of Hong Kong (Connelly et al., n.d.). Therefore, the company secretary role under Hong Kong R ules can be explained with an example, Facts summary: Company X intended to retain Mr A as their Company Secretary after listing. Nevertheless, Mr A did not hold any specific qualifications that are mentioned under Listing Rule 8.171. Rule 8.171 proposes that the issuers secretary must be a person that is typical resident in Hong Kong and that has the mandatory experience and knowledge to carry the secretary function of the issuer are: 1. In the case relating to a issuer that has already been listed on 1st December 1989 is bound to held the secretary office of the issuer on that particular date. 2. Is a associate of Hong Kong Institute of Company Secretary, a barrister or solicitor as mentioned in a professional accountant or the Legal Practitioners Ordinance. 3. Is an individual that is by rectitude of his professional or academic qualifications or applicable experience is in the verdict of the Exchange competent of discharging that functions. Therefore, in the case relating to Peoples Republic of China (PRC) issuer, the above requirement has been altered by Rule 19A.182 that provides as: The PRC issuer secretary must not be usually resident in Hong Kong, given that such people can convene the other obligations of Rule 8.171 (Hilb, 2012). The company secretary caters an effective role in the issuers corporate governance; more importantly assist the issuer as well as the directors of issuer to act in accordance with Listing Rules and the company law applicability. Therefore, for the given case, the person has to possess required experience, skills and knowledge to operate the functions as an impressive company secretary. On the other hand, the note relating to Rule 19A.182 points out a non-exhaustive record of factors that the Exchange will consider for determining the significant experience of a intended Company Secretary of a PRC issuer. Further, the person does not hold a professional qualification that is needed in Rule 8.17(2)1. The factors can comprise the employment period relating to the PRC issuer and the person acquaintance with the Listing Rules (Horn, 2011). Moreover, it is known that PRC issuer does not carry any work in Hong Kong and also the management of issuer does not inhabit in Hong Kong. Apart from that, the Company Secretary of issuer should have enough knowledge in disbursing their function. Furthermore, if the company secretary does not compose required professional qualifications under Rule 8.17(2)1 and Rule 8.17(3)1, for protecting shareholders and promoting corporate governance, then Company Secretary need to be guided by the qualified person so that the person can meet the criteria of Rule 8.17(3)1. Therefore, as per the proposed example, Mr A can operate his operation as Company Secretary of Company X after listing given that an extra person has been engaged by Company X that possess the professional qualifications which is mentioned in Rule 8.17(2)1 for the period of three-year. Apart from that, the role of company secretary in Hong Kong is linked with the direction, administration, governance and management of the industry. Moreover, the Company Secretary is not only engaged in interacting with shareholders, directors and managers of companies but they are also effectively involved in working with government (Jalilvand and Malliaris, 2012). 3.5 Role of Company Secretary under UK/US Rules The role of the company secretary under the rule of UK is composed of advising on governance cause to the board, playing an active role as a communication and information channel for autonomous directors and helping the chairman by offering training and induction for directors. They also help in producing meeting minutes and papers of the committees and board. Therefore, the major duty is to maintain statutory registers (Hawkes, 2011). For instance, in public limited companies of UK, the role of Company Secretary is highly valued as the work of public limited requires developing statutory obligations that can benefit the company. Moreover, the Company Secretary is responsible for making sure that the organisations follow the standard legal and financial practice and helps in maintain corporate governance standards. On the other hand, the Company Secretary is engaged in building strong communication (Zhang, 2012). For example, the Company Secretary of UK is effectively involved in mak ing a communication channel among the shareholders and board members so that interest of shareholders can be protected. Apart from that, in UK rules, there is no other firm specification for the Company Secretary in private company in United Kingdom unless the articles of association of company state. Figure 2: Role of COMPANY SECRETARY under UK Rules On the other side, the role of company secretary has really not well defined in US context. Therefore, the US does not include any legally needed qualifications relating to the duties that are required by Company Secretary to perform function. Apart from saying that, the Companies Act of India has a slight relevancy in the US which describes the role of Gatekeeper. Therefore, the Company Secretary role in US can be explained as below: Figure 3: COMPANY SECRETARY role under US Rules Apart from that, Company Secretary is also involved in agenda setting. For instance, for agenda setting, company secretary closely work with the HR, CEO, accounting, investor relations, lead director, legal, etc in creating and revising agenda for ensuring compliance with Federal, listing, state and other obligations (Velayutham, 2013). Moreover, the Company Secretary is allowed to give their suggestions on different matters of the company. For example, company secretary role in banks is to help them in maintain healthy relationship with investors, stakeholders and regulators and assists the directors of bank to fully contribute after and at meetings (Veasey and Guglielmo, 2012). Moreover, they provide advice on the new regulatory and legal responsibility to the banks board. 3.6 Performance of Company Secretary as gatekeepers The company secretary as a gatekeeper can largely help the organisations in improving corporate governance. Therefore, the company secretary may need to understand the process of organisations so that the board can be guided to develop an effective statutory regulation and follow them. Moreover, the practices of corporate governance should be known by Company Secretary in order to navigate the board members of company (Tew, 2011). Gatekeeper theory can be useful in explaining how Company Secretary can effectively perform the role of gatekeeper. According to gate-keeping theory, gate keeping is concerned with blocking any useless or unwanted materials through employing gate so that corporate system can be protected. Therefore, company secretary has to initially decide that what kind of information has to be delivered to the board and what type of information has to be blocked (Tricker, 2012). Thus, the Company Secretary can act as decision makers that can provide direction to board in enhancing corporate governance. The Company Secretary has to provide information by employing their personal knowledge and experience so that best guidance can be catered that can help in protecting the interest of the shareholders of the organisations. Therefore, this would help in eliminating any sensible, controversial and unwanted from the standard of corporate governance and right path can be directed to board of directors (Szewczak, Ziomkiewicz and Jasiski, 2011). Company Secretary receives information from the corporate world about the corporate governance that can be applied in the corporate governance standards. Therefore, company secretary reject some information due to the policy of organisations (Mukti and Wardhani, 2012). For instance, the Company Secretary can provide advice to the company to acknowledge legislation changes and complying with laws and regulations of international market. Therefore, it will help in setting and forming good corporate governance standard. On the other hand, the Company Secretary will block all the information that is harmful for the company and Company Secretary should block the unfaithful person from the board meetings as he/she can disclose the strategy to other company (Nietsch, 2005). Thus, in this way the company secretary can be successful in carrying the job of gatekeeper and helping company in setting corporate governance. 3.7 Company Secretary performing role of disclosure The company secretary can play impressive role in disclosure compliance program of the company. Therefore, to take up the responsibility of disclosure, the Company Secretary many need to maintain and monitor the compliance in context to incessant disclosure policy (Rasche, 2010). Moreover, the Company Secretary may have to maintain a link between the board, reporting officers and Listing Rules of the Securities Exchange bodies. The company secretary has to coordinate education in the system of company regarding the disclosure obligations and also about the compliance program of disclosure. The analysts, media, public, shareholders and brokers have to be informed about the disclosure program. The COMPANY SECRETARY seeks permission from the directors to take disclosure role so that corporate governance can be enhanced (Renders, Gaeremynck, and Sercu, 2010). The disclosure role can be better explained through disclosure based regulations which concentrates on the information quality that is disclosed by the issuers. Under the regulation, it is required that the issuer has to make entire disclosure of the companys affair to the shareholders and investor (Rheeder, 2012). Therefore, it is then the responsibility of the investors to take investment decision. On the other hand, the regulator is involved in designing and enforcing framework which can allow parties to fairly negotiate among each other but do not intervene in the relationship of investor and issuer. Moreover, the regulation commands disclosure but do not concern about the disclosure substances (Riley, 2012). Therefore, the company secretary has to follow the disclosure based regulations to provide crystal information about the companys process and standard of corporate governance. It gave rise to fraud and interest of the stakeholders was not protected (Seth, 2012). Therefore, t he Company Secretary of the company proposed disclosure based regulation which helped in providing complete information about the companys policy and corporate governance standards to the stakeholders and shareholders. 3.8 Importance of Company Secretary Role The Company Secretary role is crucial and Company Secretary not only acts as a bridge among the organisations board, government, stakeholders and regulatory bodies but also takes up the responsibility in upholding records, advising board, endorsing legal obligations and communicating with the officials (Tricker, 2012). On the other hand, before taking up the role of Company Secretary, the person goes through exams and become member of Company Secretary, etc (Veasey, and Guglielmo, 2012). The company secretary also focus on guiding organisations to comply with the set corporate governance so that adopted process can be implemented and large benefit can be accumulated. Moreover, the company secretary helps in accounting the accountant, solicitor and auditor of the company in the board meetings. Apart from that, Velayutham, (2013) pointed that company secretary warn the directors about any relevant that can affect the company. On the other hand, company secretary can direct the board to meet the legal obligations and requirements and can be largely involved in preparing and issuing of proxy statements and also the documentation that may be linked with the yearly shareholders meeting (Wallace, 2012). Therefore, the company secretary can act as a channel among the senior management and directors. As a result, the company can ensure effective corporate governance that can help company to operate successfully in global scenario. 3.9 Relationship between Company Secretary, Gatekeeper and Corporate Governance According to Zhang, (2012), company secretary is highly engaged in managing the logistic Company Secretary of committee and board meeting. Moreover, they provide advice on the roles and responsibilities to the board. The Company Secretary also helps in managing process of the company relating to the yearly shareholder meeting. On the other hand, Company Secretary facilitates the new directors orientation and guide in training and development t of director. The gatekeeper helps in checking the tendency of the management in order to concentrate on the short term gains at the value of long term shareholders cost (Zubaidah Zainal Abidin, and Ali Shah Hashim., 2010). Further, they report to the company about any fraud or any error that may occur in the corporate governance standard (Wu, 2012). Part 4: Summary and Conclusion From the entire study, it can be summarised that the role of company secretary is highly valued in the industries. The growing complexity in the market and number of frauds taking in place, the company secretary role has extended to gatekeepers that help in reporting the organisations about any misconduct. Moreover, if any member of the company is not abiding with the corporate governance standards then the company secretary can report it to the board of directors of the organisations. The role of COMPANY SECRETARY has increased in number and it is not only limited to concentrate on the administrative part but it has enlarge to handle the corporate governance matters so that organisation can gain corporate success. On the other hand, the company secretary takes most crucial tasks of the company and directing the company to carry responsibilities in effective way. Apart from that, study has discussed that company secretary act as a vital part in building strong relationship among the investor of company and board of the company. Thus, it is effective in ensuring best practice of corporate governance. Moreover, following and catering corporate governance standards then it can protect the interest of the shareholders and company can register higher growth and can penetrate to other market either internationally or nationally. Apart from that, the study also focused highly on the gatekeepers role in ensuring that company is best managed and directed as per the standards of corporate governance. The gatekeepers ensure that important or confidential information of the company is not handed to any unauthorised person that may belong outside of the company system. Therefore, gatekeeper can monitor or track any mismanagement and provide information about it corporate and it can help the corporate in taking important decisions. The gatekeeper takes account only that information that is valuable for the company as it helps the company in accounting best corporate governance guidelines. Therefore, it can be summarised from the role of company secretary and gatekeepers that both highly concentrate on enhancing corporate governance. Moreover, it can be said that Company Secretary will be much effective in their approach, acting as a gatekeeper. As a result, corporate firm can carry their activities according to the desires of stakeholders and thus corporate governance can help in shaping performance of the corporation. On the other hand, it can be concluded from the study that purpose of the study was met and role of Company Secretary as gatekeeper has been effectively discussed. On the other side, the company secretary role under the rule of Hong Kong, UK and US has been outlined with the appropriate examples. It helped in understanding the specific role that is followed in different nations and their scope in taking up the duties. However, it is understood that responsibility of the corporate secretary is moreover same and takes care that corporate governance is followed in expected manner. Moreover, gate-keeping theory has outlined in the study which tells about how gatekeepers block the unwanted or irrelevant materials from the corporate governance criterion. Therefore, Company Secretary as gatekeepers can help organisation in performing well and adhering to set policy and standards. The disclosure based regulation is effective in understanding the act of Company Secretary and disclosing the in formation to the boards and shareholders. Part B: Reflection The study on the role of CS and gatekeeper in enhancing and improving corporate governance standards was effective on my intellectual part. I learned that activities of organisation has become complex and it is not easy for the company to only seek support from CS in matters only relating to preparing reports and other financial activities. Moreover, I learned that today CS act as a gatekeeper to protect the industry from any fraud or any serious errors that can hamper the productivity and their business prospects. Therefore, I found that CS not only helps in financial matters but also helps in providing legal advice or regulatory advice to the board participants of the organisation. On the other hand, I had a great experience to study the different role performed by the both CS and gatekeepers to promote and make sure that members of the company abide the formulated corporate governance standards. Apart from that, I also understood through my study that gatekeeper plays an effective part as an intermediary in order to make right balance in the statutory obligations and corporate governance so that business operations can be carried in global scale with higher effect. I was very much pleased with the outcome of the study as I was able to know what particular job is performed by a gatekeeper in context to the corporate governance obligations of an organisation. On the other side, I came to know that company secretary role is moreover same under the rules of HK, US and UK. Furthermore, I also learnt that CS also acts as a communication medium between the board of directors and shareholders so that interest and right of the shareholders can be protected. On the other hand, I faced some difficulties too in gathering the required information due to the limitation of time. I was not able to acquire more information that would enhance the study. Apart from that, as the study is purely based on secondary data, I was not able to have a real data from the various CS and gatekeepers of the company otherwise it would have improved my study to large extent. On the contrary, I am pleased with my study that it has shaped; I got to learn many things relating to CS and their part in corporate governance standard and how they help and advise the board to take premier and productive decision. Therefore, I can say that the particular study provided great knowledge that I would use in other similar project. Further, I used gate-keeping theory and disclosure based regulation which provided great assistance to know the activities of gatekeepers and CSs act in disclosing information to the shareholders of the organisations and board of the organisation. Moreover, I learnt that CS today effectively takes up the role of gatekeepers so that they can monitor any wrong act and alert the company to take best decision and adopt protective measures before any crime could take place. Therefore, the study helped me to enhance my knowledge and have deep understanding about the relationship between CS and gatekeepers. References Abbas, E. (2011). 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